Black Death Essays (689 words) - Plague, Second Plague Pandemic

Black Death In the 1340's, approximately one third to one half the population of Europe was wiped out by what was called ?The Black Death?. The people of the time were armed with little to no understanding of why and how the plague happened and how to control it; and this allowed for the vast destruction that occurred in little more than three years time. The origin of the epidemic has, with little doubt, been identified as Lake Issyk-Koul in what is now a part of Russian Central Asia. A flood, or some other natural disaster, drove various rodents from their habitats around the lake; and with them they carried fleas infected with the plague. A species of wild rodents normally isolated from humanity spread the plague to the more common black rat, which has been riding on board ships since man first set sail. The plague then followed the trade routes all over Europe. ?Ships arrived from Caffa at the port of Messina, Sicily. A few dying men clung to the oars; the rest lay dead on the decks... Ships that carried the coveted goods of the fabled East now also carried death. The Pestilence had come to the shores of Europe? (Wark). The accounts of the plague tell of the symptoms being ?tumors in the groin or the armpits' and ?black livid spots on the arm or thigh', typical symptoms of Bubonic plague. However, Bubonic plague normally takes several days to kill, and many accounts tell of victims falling dead inside one day of contracting the disease. The variance in the cases of the Black Death are the workings of three strains of the plague: the plague proper; a pulmonary (air-borne) version, characterized by the vomiting of blood; and a septicaemic variant, capable of killing in several hours, before typical symptoms can even develop. The people the plague threatened knew neither the source of the disease, nor how to protect themselves from it. ?It was said that the cause of the Pestilence or The Great Mortality -- 14th-century names for the contagion -- was a particularly sinister alignment of the planets, or a foul wind created by recent earthquakes. Other theories existed. ?Looks,' according to one medieval physician, ?could kill' ? (Wark). They believed their best recourse for avoiding the plague, was to run from it. When flight was not an option, they attempted to purify the air by burning aromatic woods and powders. They remained inactive, almost vegetative, holed up in their homes; if one had to move, he ought to move slowly. Love, anger, and hot baths were to be avoided; and, based on the belief that bad drove out bad, potential victims would spend a half-hour daily crouched over a latrine to build up their resistance. Once one contracted the plague, death was only a question of time. Physicians stopped visiting the infirm out of fear and the obvious futility of their efforts. They claimed the plague must be punishment from God, and therefore beyond their control. Priest still came to deliver the last rights, and consequently, they died in droves. The effects of the plague went far beyond the obvious death toll, into the souls of men and women. ? ?Some people callously maintained that there was no better or more efficacious remedy against a plague than to run away from it. Swayed by this argument, and sparing no thought for anyone but themselves, large numbers of men and women abandoned their city, their homes, their relatives, their estates and their belongings, and headed for the countryside. They maintained that an infallible way of warding off this appalling evil was to drink heavily, enjoy life to the full, go around singing and merrymaking, gratify all of one's cravings whenever the opportunity offered, and shrug the whole thing off as one enormous joke.' -Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron? (Wark). Still, some people took a different view of the situation. Germany was the center for two phenomena spawned by the plague the Flagellant movement, and a wave of anti-Semitism. The Flagellants believed that by chastising themse lves they could avert the wrath of European History

Definition and Examples of Generative Grammar

Definition and Examples of Generative Grammar In linguistics, generative grammar is grammar (or set of rules) that indicates the structure and interpretation of sentences which native speakers of a language accept as belonging to the language. Adopting the term generative from mathematics, linguist Noam Chomsky introduced the concept of generative grammar in the 1950s. This theory is also known as transformational grammar, a term still used today. Key Takeaways: Generative Grammar Generative grammar is a theory of grammar, first developed by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s, that is based on the idea that all humans have an innate language capacity. Linguists who study generative grammar are not interested in prescriptive rules; rather, they are interested in uncovering the foundational principals that guide all language production. Generative grammar accepts as a basic premise that native speakers of a language will find certain sentences grammatical or ungrammatical, and that these judgments give insight into the rules governing the use of that language. Definition Grammar refers to the set of rules that structure a language, including syntax (the arrangement of words to form phrases and sentences) and morphology (the study of words and how they are formed). Generative grammar is a theory of grammar that holds that human language is shaped by a set of basic principles that are part of the human brain (and even present in the brains of small children). This universal grammar, according to linguists like Chomsky, comes from our innate language faculty. In Linguists for Non-Linguists, Frank Parker and Kathryn Riley argue that generative grammar is a kind of unconscious knowledge that allows a person, no matter what language they speak, to form correct sentences: Simply put, a generative grammar is a theory of competence: a model of the psychological system of unconscious knowledge that underlies a speakers ability to produce and interpret utterances in a language...A good way of trying to understand [Noam] Chomskys point is to think of a generative grammar as essentially a definition of competence: a set of criteria that linguistic structures must meet to be judged acceptable. Generative grammar is distinct from other grammars such as prescriptive grammar, which attempts to establish standardized language rules that certain usages right or wrong, and descriptive grammar, which attempts to describe language as it is actually used (including the study of pidgins and dialects). Instead, generative grammar attempts to get at something deeper- the foundational principles that make language possible across all of humanity. For example, a prescriptive grammarian may study how parts of speech are ordered in English sentences, with the goal of laying out rules (nouns precede verbs in simple sentences, for example). A linguist studying generative grammar, however, is more likely to be interested in issues such as how nouns are distinguished from verbs across multiple languages. Principles of Generative Grammar The main principle of generative grammar is that all humans are born with an innate capacity for language- and that this capacity shapes the rules for what is considered correct grammar in a language. The idea of an innate language capacity- or a universal grammar- is not accepted by all linguists. Some believe, to the contrary, that all languages are learned, and therefore based on certain constraints. Proponents of the universal grammar argument believe that children, when they are very young, are not exposed to enough linguistic information to learn the rules of grammar. That children do in fact learn the rules of grammar is proof, according to some linguists, that there is an innate language capacity that allows them to overcome the poverty of the stimulus. Examples of Generative Grammar As generative grammar is a theory of competence, one way to test it is with what is called a grammaticality judgment task. This involves presenting a native speaker with a series of sentences and having them decide whether the sentences are grammatical (acceptable) or ungrammatical (unacceptable). For example: The man is happy.Happy man is the. A native speaker would judge the first sentence to be acceptable and the second to be unacceptable. From this, we can make certain assumptions about the rules governing the order of parts of speech in English sentences (for instance, a to be verb linking a noun and an adjective must follow the noun and precede the adjective).

Critical evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of an exemplar Essay

Critical evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of an exemplar Eco-City - Essay Example The intention of this study is the concept of eco-city as a global strategy that needs s to be embraced across all borders. With population increase and climatic changes due to the industrialization resulting to global warming, the only solution left is to go green. The eco-city of Freiburg in Germany is an excellent example of how a place can be transformed to become environmental, friendly, and at the same time utilize its resources towards the realization of the vision of globalization. With proper implementation and sustainable measures, there is significant hope that the world will be a better place to live. There is therefore, great need for the relevant authorities to push for proper implementation of sustainable development measures. Amid the weaknesses observed in the paper, there is clear evidence that the strong points surpass the weaknesses. It only calls for cooperation among all the stake holders towards the sustenance of the strategies. The growth and development of ec o-cities is one of the recent responses made by the world towards climate change. As a result, of industrialization and over-urbanization of the existing cities, among many other activities induced by human beings; they have resulted to degradation of the environment in the past years. The recent initiatives have been in response to solving climatic change menace, and the environmental degradation, as well as, scarcity in energy. This has been realized with the idea of setting up eco-cities. Developed countries like the United States of America, Germany and the United Kingdom, as well as, developing countries such as Brazil, UAE, India and China have launched projects aimed at the development of eco-cities. Every aspect of life involving complex planning and strategising is bound to experience challenges in the course of its implementation. Not forgetting the global population increase and projected outcome that more than half of world’s population reside in urban areas, it i s imperative that proper planning, development and regeneration are truly essential. The vision of an eco-city involves the planning of model settlements, incorporates appealing and highly fundamental concepts like improving the quality of people’s life and enhancing harmony with the cherished environment. On the same note, the vision and plans considering their attachment to nature contain some elements that to some might appear utopian. This brings about difficulties in predicting to what degree the strategies will be implemented, although implementation that is oriented perceptively in an explicit eco-city requirement. Crewe and Forsyth (2011) argue that planners are bound to aim at creating cities that are more ecologically sensitive. These two writers say that the authorities, planners and designers in every of the world claim to be just coming up with eco friendly urban areas. The legal and policy issues in the development of eco-cities have led to challenges as well as achievements in the realization of eco-cities. With sustainable development being an issue of the present globalization, this paper will substantially dwell on analyzing the strengths, as well as,

Compare and Contrast Nurse Practitioners and Clinical Nurse Essay

Compare and Contrast Nurse Practitioners and Clinical Nurse Specialists - Essay Example They can specialize with regard to the situation and setting where they want to work that is whether in the emergency room or in acute care settings. They may also be specialized with regard to a particular pathology like cancer or some other disease. Other fields that they can choose include the type of health care which may be mental health or associated with psychotherapy. On the other hand a Nurse Practitioner is another field of nursing in which the nurses are assigned to work in different specialized settings. The main aim of the nurse practitioner is to provide the most basic healthcare to the patients. They can also opt for specializing in particular fields which include family health, health of the elderly or pediatric health. Psychiatric health is another optional field of specialization that is common to both the nurse practitioner and the clinical nurse specialist. The clinical nurse specialist and the nurse practitioners work in different health care organizations. The c linical nurse specialists are more associated with the hospitals as well as the community healthcare centers. They may also work in teaching institutions as well as in the offices. They can also be found in the psychiatric health care centers. The nurse practitioners are basically assigned to work with particular doctors and physicians. They may be found mainly in clinics and for outpatient health care departments for the patients. But they may also be found in hospitals. The Clinical Nurse Specialist and the Nurse Practitioner both acquire these positions after doing their masters degree plan. An interesting difference between the two of these fields is that a nurse practitioner is allowed to write out prescriptions whereas a clinical nurse specialist is not allowed to do so. If he wishes to prescribe than he must obtain a special permission for this purpose. Another major difference seen is that nurse practitioners are mainly seen to be working with physicians and doctors and they also need to have certificates from these physicians which specify the amount of authority that they have with regard to the healthcare services that they can provide. On the other hand, Clinical nurse specialists are mainly seen in organizations like hospitals and they have the work of supervising the nurses and assisting them in providing the best possible care to the patients. Also the Nurse Practitioner has a greater interaction and communication directly with the patients as they are a part of the outpatient departments and are involved more in basic health care facilities for the patients. On the other hand the Clinical Nurse Specialist works more in a hospital environment and has a lower interaction with individual patients. Clinical Nurse Specialists are also a part of associations and groups of nurses where they work together on joint programs and in collaboration with other nurses. They are also actively involved in teaching, in providing clinical advice, dealing with pat ients and are part of researches. Thus they have an all round goal of working in an effective manner to improve the healthcare facilities and provide quality care for the patients. The aim of the Nurse Practit

Challenges in Countering Terrorism

Challenges in Countering Terrorism â€Å"What are the roles and the limitations of US intelligence community in countering terrorist threats? â€Å" Maitha Yousif Mohammed EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Knowledge investigation tries to give vital data in a convenient way to help policymakers from the president on down settle on better choices. The data and judgments must be related to what policymakers need to know however not skewed to bolster a specific strategy result. In actuality, this is a greater amount of a workmanship than a science, particularly on the grounds that the way and method for most successfully illuminating the president and other senior policymakers changes with the inclinations and working style of every new organization. The Intelligence Community (IC) is a gathering of Executive Branch offices and associations that work independently and together to take part in knowledge exercises that are important for the behavior of remote relations and the security of the national security of the United States. The IC is driven by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), who is the pioneer of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) and whose commitment is to arrange the other 16 IC parts considering information clients necessities. INTRODUCTION THE EXPIRATION OF THE COLD WAR creates it consistent and critical to dissect the central segments of U.S. national security plan. It will be surprising if the associations, strategies, and process that by and large served the country well in the midst of the Cold War ensured to fix similarly in an enormously changed worldwide setting. On occasion, exciting modification in what the United States prepares and how it does it strength be named for; in others, significantly all the additional unassuming alteration could well do. Despite once no alteration is obliged or charming, it will be imperative to exhibit this to an open and Congress commonly eager to extra resources committed to national security or use every one of them the all the more effectively and capably. The Council on Foreign Relations Task Force happening the Future of U.S. Learning stayed made in mid-1995 with the inspiration driving studying the prerequisite for understanding in the post-Cold War world then in what way the U.S. government must go about meeting it. All Task Force people comprehended that this objective was a moving target given the movements now in advance all through the knowledge aggregate, the game plan of another Director of Central Intelligence, the vicinity of the Aspin-Brown Commission on the Parts and Competences of the United States Intellect Community, and order being recruited by the House and Senate boards depended with oversight. The goal of the Task Force is to add to those tries and accomplish a extra taught open reasonable talk over the destiny of U.S. learning. Mission Our essential mission is to gather and pass on the fundamental data the president and individuals from the policymaking, law authorization, and military groups require to execute their delegated obligations Overview of the Intelligence Community The U.S. Knowledge Community Consist of 17 organizations is a huge, complex structure, sorted out and worked in accordance with a large number of laws, official requests, arrangements, and mandates. Parts of its association and operation are examined in point of interest inside the group of this report. The motivation behind the accompanying examination is to give a generally, really distorted, photograph of the Community and how it functions, and to serve as a basis for those new to the subject. The fundamental piece of knowledge is not difficult to get it. It is to give propitious, material information to U.S. policymakers, chiefs, and warfighters. Completing this mission incorporates tasking, social affair, changing, exploring, and scattering knowledge, for the most part implied as the information cycle. The Role of Intelligence The parts and missions of knowledge are not static. They are influenced by changes on the planet, in innovation, and in the Governments requirements. Every President must choose where knowledge organizations ought to think their endeavors. The Commission sees four utilitarian parts for knowledge offices gathering, investigation, incognito activity, and counterintelligence-and also various missions regarding giving substantive backing to specific administrative capacities. There are complexities in each of the utilitarian parts, however secret activity (i.e., operations to impact conditions in different nations without the inclusion of the United States being recognized or obvious) remains the most disputable. The Commission presumes that an ability to lead clandestine activities ought to be kept up to furnish the President with a choice shy of military activity when discretion alone cant carry out the employment. Backing to U.S. strategy, military operations and protection arranging ought to keep on constituting the primary missions of the Intelligence Community. Countering illegal exercises abroad which undermine U.S. intrigues, including terrorism, opiates trafficking, expansion of weapons of mass pulverization, and worldwide composed wrongdoing are additionally progressively critical missions. The increment in the accessibility of openly accessible data may allow some lessening in the present level of push to dissect the economies of different nations. The Commission emphatically underpins the present arrangement precluding insight offices from taking part in mechanical secret activities, i.e., utilizing furtive intends to get data from remote business firms for the advantage of a U.S. contender. It is suitable, on the other hand, for insight organizations to answer to perceptive authorities at the Departments of State and/or Commerce confirmation of unreasonable exchange works on being embraced by or with the learning of different governments to the drawback of U.S. firms. Backing to law requirement and administrative organizations is a real mission however asks for such bolster must be thoroughly assessed to guarantee that insight offices have the capacity to make a helpful commitment. The Commission likewise sees the procurement of backing to U.S. offices concerned with natural and wellbeing issues outside the United States as a true blue, though restricted, mission. Limitations Requirements in the knowledge bunchs (IC) load of assertion staff destroy the aptitude to center the extent to which the eight nonmilitary faculty IC segments -the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Office Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), and six fragments inside the Sections of Energy, Homeland Security, , State, Justice and the Treasury- -usage these staff. The IC Chief Human Capital Officer (CHCO) behaviors a yearly load of focus agreement workforce that fuses info on the number and costs of these staff. Regardless, GAO perceived different requirements in the stock that through and through most extreme the likeness, precision, and reliability of the info reported by the consistent resident IC parts all in all. Foreign Intelligence on Terrorist Threats The unfathomable and complex understanding gathering all collect information. Associations diversely have limits for gathering, examination, or both. Info is directed to the National Counterterrorism Center, which reports to the DNI. Sure counter-understanding workplaces to secure military forces are by and large assembled limits named Counter intelligence Force Protection Source Operations (CFSO). These are the report to military levels of initiative for straight support, yet sort out unfriendly doings through the NCS. Each noteworthy military organization has a counter-information limit: U.S. Outfitted drive Counter Intelligence, the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI),and Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS), once before (NIS). NCIS serves the US Marine Corps. NOTE: The U.S. Marine Corps furthermore has Counterintelligence/Tactical HUMINT assets (CI/HUMINT). There is in like manner a sweeping Counterintelligence Field Activity (CIFA). Internal Security and Police Private counter-knowledge are fundamentally below Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), a law prerequisite organization. The FBI and CIA together work the National Counterterrorism Center, despite the way that the CIA is not allowable to do field operations inside the US. The clue office for violence law necessity is the FBI, despite the way that different components of the Section of Homeland Security may give reinforce. There is the test of what affiliations, laws, and teachings are noteworthy to security against an extensive variety of violence in ones own specific country. Development organizations, once in the past below the United States Migration and Naturalization Service (INS) traded from the Department of Justice to the Department of Homeland Security in March 2003. The association of development organizations, counting enduring home, naturalization, shelter, and distinctive limits transformed into the commitment of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS), existed only for a brief time before altering to its available designation, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The analytical and approval limits (numbering examinations, removing, and knowledge) were united by U.S. Conventions operators, the Federal Protective Service, then the Federal Air Marshal Service, to make U.S. Movement and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The periphery components of the INS, which fused the Border Patrol close by INS Inspectors, were solidified with U.S. Customs Inspectors into the as of late made U.S. Conventions and Border Protection (CBP). Conclusion Counter terrorism is a often as possible synonymous with state wrongdoing. This state wrongdoing is quite much greater number of genuine then the brutality that is supposedly terrorism being countered. Counter terrorism is likewise often counter gainful in term of its expressed point of anticipation on the grounds that is support the kind of viciousness by non-state performs that draws in the mark terrorism smugness over state roughness is not defended by historical backdrop of counter terrorism. State, through the military police and knowledge and security administrations have gigantic ability to constrain and dispense roughness. It is not amazing than that state wrongdoings masked as counter terrorism are in charge of human enduring on a more prominent scale then the savagery by non-state performing artists that is named terrorism

Why Is This Topic a Controversy Today

Why is this topic a controversy today? Social media is considered to be any website that allows social interaction. (pediatrics) These include Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, YouTube and gaming sites to name a few. Social media is a controversial topic, as it is believed that the youth of today spend far too much time using social media instead of interacting face -to-face with people. Therefore it is possible that they lack the proper communication skills they will require to be successful in life.Most jobs require face-to-face interaction. Children have too much access too and are spending too much time using forms of social media. 52% of all children now have access to one of the new mobile devices at home (smartphone, ipad, etc. ) (commonsensemedia. org) According to a recent poll, 22% of teenagers log on to their favorite social media site more than 10 times a day and more than half of adolescents log onto a social media site more than once a day. pediatrics) By the age of 5 more th an 50% of children regularly interact with a computer or tablet device, and by 7 or 8 they regularly play video games and teenagers text an average of 3,400 times a month. (www. cnn) These are just a few of the available stats to support the inappropriate amount of time spent on social media of the youth today. It is through the childhood and teenage years that one develops socially and emotionally.It appears that most of this generations’ social and emotional development is occurring while on the Internet and cell phones. 75%of teenagers now own cell phones, and 25% use them for social media, 54% use them for texting, and 24% use them for instant messaging. (pediatrics) According to another study, kids that spent more time using social media reported lower grades, and lower levels of personal contentment, more likely to get in trouble, more sad, and more bored. (commonsensemedia. rg) A major controversy is that some children are accessing inappropriate sites as there are no protective safeguards to prevent this. One such example is Facebook which requires users to be at least 13 years of age to open an account. Last year more than 7. 5 million American kids under the age of 13 had joined Facebook. (www. cnn. com) The time spent using social media takes a child/youth away from actual physical activity. We are already considered to have a large obese population; this will just continue to foster that.This in turn leads to other problems such as increased health issues and in turn increased medical costs for a society that already has a health system that is being taxed due to insufficient funding and staffing. A final but very significant area of controversy due to the use of social media by today’s youth is the increase in cyber bullying. It is far easier to say something online than it is to someone’s face. There are several alarming statistics with regard to cyber bullying. Below are just a few from the site (www. internetsafety101. rg) -66% of teens who have witnessed online cruelty have also witnessed others joining:21% say they have also joined in the harassment -52% of parents are worried their child will be bullied via social networking sites -1 in 6 parents know their child has been bullied through a social networking site -one million children were harassed, threatened or subjected to other forms of cyber bullying on Facebook during the past year. How are children and youth being represented? Children are being represented as the major users of social media, and therefore they are focusing their sites to attract the child users.Children are drawn to use social media as it is a very human need to be heard and connect with others and there is a desire to make a difference and influence the world around them. (blog neilson) Although there are many negatives attached to social media, one of which is that social media takes children and youth away from reading traditional books. Another side of this equation is t o find innovative ways to use social media to motivate children and youth to learn about books or obtaining information from other sources than traditional reading material.

A local conflict Essay

Q) With reference to a local conflict over the use of a resource that you have studied, discuss the extent to which all interest groups involved can be satisfied with its outcome. (40) The local conflict I have studied was the expansion of Heathrow airport, although the conflict itself ended in 2010 when it was legally resolved. However there are still effects that were created from the plans to expand Heathrow that have upset many different groups. In this essay I will discuss how the groups involved were either satisfied or dissatisfied with the outcome. There was a debate to whether or not the expansion at Heathrow was necessary. Here BAA (the airports directing company) pointed out that Heathrow was currently operating at 99.2% capacity utilisation meaning that even small incidents would create major delays, such as the ability of Heathrow to cope in extreme winter conditions such as snow. But the Greater London Authority and Hillingdon council argued saying there were alternativ es such as expanding Gatwick airport. Labour parliament also intervened stating the huge increase in passengers should be met by London’s most efficient and largest airport should be developed into the UK’s air hub. However the conservative party suggested more alternatives such as improving rail infrastructure to allow extra capacity to spread to other airports such as Manchester. This would benefit the north of England especially with the struggling economy. Arguments then arose over the impacts that would come from the expansion of Heathrow and there were many mixed attitudes towards this. A positive outcome economically would be that 140,000 new jobs would be created meaning that more people would be earning a decent wage paying taxes that would contribute to the government in funding public services such as hospitals. And if the expansion didn’t go ahead then it was estimated the UK would lose potentially  £4.5 billion GDP growth and  £1.6 billion of its existing GDP to other nations around the world. But the protest groups ‘Plane Stupid’ said that jobs would only benefit the south east as this is where Heathrow is located, it was also pointed out that the GDP figures are miniscule when compared to the UKs total GDP of  £2.435 trillion. In terms of the environment, the labour government at the time presented schemes whereby extra greenhouse emissions would be offset. This included involvement in the EUs new Carbon Permit Trading Scheme. However many environmental groups and  charities argued against this. Greenpeace produced information showing that Heathrow’s post-expansion carbon footprint would be a similar size to that of Kenya’s. The National Trust pointed out that regardless of whether CO2 was being offset around the UK, London air quality would fall. Also, the impacts on local communities came into question. A village on the expansion site known as Sipson would be destroyed if the expansion of Heathrow was granted. This would involve 700 homes being demolished as well as several a listed buildings. BAA claimed it would relocate and reimburse the whole community displaced. They also said they would not destroy but in fact repair and maintain the listed buildings on the site. However Sipson village council, the Greater London Authority and the conservative party argued against this. They stated that significant proportions of Greenbelt land would be destroyed and the sound levels in the area wou ld expand by several km2. In January 2009 Heathrow’s proposal for expansion was granted by the Labour Government. But this was put to a standstill as the demonstration groups opposing the plans for Heathrow appealed the decision to the Higher Court. It took a whole year of a legal battle but it was decided eventually in March 2010 that the Labour government’s decision was invalid and it was placed under review. That year in the general election the Conservatives and Lib Dems came to power and cancelled all the plans and proposals of extending Heathrow. With this outcome many groups were satisfied such as the Royal Society for the protection of Birds as the habitat of many birds around the airport shall not undergo any more destruction. However it is notable that the expansion won’t occur in the medium term. This is due to the whole process shall have to be reran if the plans are to risen again. Therefore it could be argued that in the short term the opposition groups will be satisfied. But in the long term the decision may be overturned and these groups left dissatisfied. For example Sipson Village Council are now being brought into another conflict as an alternative to the expansion of Heathrow the government have begun developing the HS2 as an infrastructure project. Supposedly it will link up with Heathrow, meaning the land will be built upon again destroying thousands of homes in the process. So now local communities are having to campaign in another conflict leaving them still dissatisfied. In conclusion, protest groups have been awarded for their hard work and efforts in avoiding the plans for Heathrow expansion going  ahead which has been very satisfying. But in the long term more problems have arisen as the HS2 is said to be in motion which would just cause the same problems to local communities. It seems that no matter what the decision some groups will always have different feelings towards them of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.